Process requirements experience of offshore substation operation and maintenance

It is now over 20 years since the first offshore substation was commissioned and operated. Since then, more than 200 AC and DC offshore facilities have been commissioned worldwide. The industry experience has encoun-tered significant challenges for continued operation. Despite the existence of specific standards for example (Det Norske Veritas) DNV-ST-0145, guidelines for the design and construction of offshore substations. No comprehen-sive international standard (IEC, ISO, or otherwise) exists that addresses all the specific technical and operational issues needed in the industry.