Interoperability in HVDC systems based on partially open software

HVDC transmission technology is rapidly getting more prevalent in many parts of the world, driven by the need to integrate more renewable energy sources into the power grid. This increases the risk of adverse interactions between converters or other HVDC equipment located close to each other in the grid. Currently, the converter control and protection systems, including their software, are proprietary to the converter vendor and usually black-boxed, meaning only the vendor can inspect and modify them. This makes it challenging to achieve interoperability in a multi-vendor system where pieces of equipment from different vendors should function correctly together in the same network.